Chapter 4: Communicable & Non-communicable Disease

       Well known disease are divided by two types of it. such as communicable disease & non communicable disease.

Communicable Disease : A disease that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector. Also called contagious disease . 

(source: www26.state.nj.us)

 

 Non-Communicable Disease: Non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is non-infectious or non-transmissible. NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly.

(source:neolifenutrition.com)

 Level of disease ~

• Endemic : the continuous presence of a disease or infectious agent within a geographical area (Dengue).

• Epidemic or Outbreak : the occurrence of cases with frequency that is clearly in excess of what is expected in a given region, demanding emergency control measures (Leptospirosis).

• Pandemic: a widespread epidemic, usually affecting several countries affecting large numbers of people and sometimes the entire globe (H1N1).

This are epidemiology triangle :

(source:www.resilience.org)

with this triangle we can prevent some disease effectively by blocking one of the triangle.


Mode of transmission

• MOT - the way in which the agent is transferred to a new host is direct contact and indirect contact like vehicle borne and vector borne

(source: mytropicanaslim.wordpress.com)

                   
Direct Transmission
• Transfer of an infectious agent from an infected host to a new host. Direct modes of transmission can occur in two main ways:

• Person to person: Through touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse or direct projection of respiratory droplets into another person’s nose or mouth during coughing, sneezing or talking.

• Transplacental transmission: Transmission of an infectious agent from a pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta. E.g. HIV.

Indirect Transmission
• Indirect transmission of infectious organisms involves vehicles and vectors which carry disease agents from the source to the host.

• Vehicles: inanimate or non-living means of transmission of infectious organisms.
• Vectors : animate or living vehicles which transmit infections.
• Vector-borne transmission: A vector is an organism, usually an arthropod, which transmits an infectious agent to a new host. Arthropods which act as vectors include houseflies, mosquitoes, lice and ticks.
• Arthropods are invertebrates (animals without backbones), such as insects, which have segmented bodies and three pairs of jointed legs.

Agent Control
• Destruction of the agent can be by specific treatment, using drugs that kill the agent in vivo, or if it is outsidet he body, by the use of antiseptics, sterilization, incineration or radiation.

Transmission Control
• Quarantine or isolation: Keeping the agent at a sufficient distance and for a sufficient length of time away from the host until it dies or becomes inactive can be effective in preventing transmission.
• Environmental health: Methods of personal hygiene, water supplies and sanitation are particularly effective against all agents transmitted by the fecal–oral route whether by direct transmission
• Animals: Whether they act as reservoirs or intermediate host animals can be controlled by destruction or vaccination.
• Cooking: Proper cooking renders plant and animal produce safe for consumption, although some toxins are heat-resistant.
• Vector control: Attack on vectors can either be on their larval stage by using larvicides and methods of biological control, or while they are adults with adulticides.

Host Control
• The host can be protected by physical methods (mosquito nets, clothing, housing, etc.), by vaccination against specific diseases or by taking regular prophylaxis.

Vulnerable People
• All age groups and all regions are affected by NCDs. NCDs are often associated with older age groups.
• Of these "premature" deaths, 90% occurred in low- and middle-income countries.
• It is important to remember that these diet-related diseases are preventable,” advises Malaysian
Association for the Study of Obesity (MASO) vice- president Prof Dr Norimah A Karim.


References: (source:www.resilience.org)
                               (source: mytropicanaslim.wordpress.com)
                               (source:neolifenutrition.com)
                               (source: www26.state.nj.us)
                               (from my lecterur note Mr. Mohd Jamalil Azam bin Mustafa, ) 
                               (WHO~World of Health Organization)
                               (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTS6hrjMVZU)